Python Documentation contents¶
- What’s New in Python
- What’s New In Python 3.14
- What’s New In Python 3.13
- What’s New In Python 3.12
- What’s New In Python 3.11
- What’s New In Python 3.10
- What’s New In Python 3.9
- What’s New In Python 3.8
- What’s New In Python 3.7
- What’s New In Python 3.6
- What’s New In Python 3.5
- What’s New In Python 3.4
- What’s New In Python 3.3
- What’s New In Python 3.2
- What’s New In Python 3.1
- What’s New In Python 3.0
- What’s New in Python 2.7
- What’s New in Python 2.6
- What’s New in Python 2.5
- What’s New in Python 2.4
- What’s New in Python 2.3
- What’s New in Python 2.2
- What’s New in Python 2.1
- What’s New in Python 2.0
- Changelog
- The Python Tutorial
- 1. Whetting Your Appetite
- 2. Using the Python Interpreter
- 3. An Informal Introduction to Python
- 4. More Control Flow Tools
- 5. Data Structures
- 6. Modules
- 7. Input and Output
- 8. Errors and Exceptions
- 9. Classes
- 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
- 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library — Part II
- 12. Virtual Environments and Packages
- 13. What Now?
- 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
- 15. Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
- 16. Appendix
- Python Setup and Usage
- The Python Language Reference
- The Python Standard Library
- Introduction
- Built-in Functions
- Built-in Constants
- Built-in Types
- Built-in Exceptions
- Text Processing Services
string
— Common string operationsre
— Regular expression operationsdifflib
— Helpers for computing deltastextwrap
— Text wrapping and fillingunicodedata
— Unicode Databasestringprep
— Internet String Preparationreadline
— GNU readline interfacerlcompleter
— Completion function for GNU readline
- Binary Data Services
- Data Types
datetime
— Basic date and time typeszoneinfo
— IANA time zone supportcalendar
— General calendar-related functionscollections
— Container datatypescollections.abc
— Abstract Base Classes for Containersheapq
— Heap queue algorithmbisect
— Array bisection algorithmarray
— Efficient arrays of numeric valuesweakref
— Weak referencestypes
— Dynamic type creation and names for built-in typescopy
— Shallow and deep copy operationspprint
— Data pretty printerreprlib
— Alternaterepr()
implementationenum
— Support for enumerationsgraphlib
— Functionality to operate with graph-like structures
- Numeric and Mathematical Modules
- Functional Programming Modules
- File and Directory Access
pathlib
— Object-oriented filesystem pathsos.path
— Common pathname manipulationsfileinput
— Iterate over lines from multiple input streamsstat
— Interpretingstat()
resultsfilecmp
— File and Directory Comparisonstempfile
— Generate temporary files and directoriesglob
— Unix style pathname pattern expansionfnmatch
— Unix filename pattern matchinglinecache
— Random access to text linesshutil
— High-level file operations
- Data Persistence
- Data Compression and Archiving
- File Formats
- Cryptographic Services
- Generic Operating System Services
os
— Miscellaneous operating system interfacesio
— Core tools for working with streamstime
— Time access and conversionsargparse
— Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commandslogging
— Logging facility for Pythonlogging.config
— Logging configurationlogging.handlers
— Logging handlersgetpass
— Portable password inputcurses
— Terminal handling for character-cell displayscurses.textpad
— Text input widget for curses programscurses.ascii
— Utilities for ASCII characterscurses.panel
— A panel stack extension for cursesplatform
— Access to underlying platform’s identifying dataerrno
— Standard errno system symbolsctypes
— A foreign function library for Python
- Concurrent Execution
threading
— Thread-based parallelismmultiprocessing
— Process-based parallelismmultiprocessing.shared_memory
— Shared memory for direct access across processes- The
concurrent
package concurrent.futures
— Launching parallel taskssubprocess
— Subprocess managementsched
— Event schedulerqueue
— A synchronized queue classcontextvars
— Context Variables_thread
— Low-level threading API
- Networking and Interprocess Communication
- Internet Data Handling
email
— An email and MIME handling packageemail.message
: Representing an email messageemail.parser
: Parsing email messagesemail.generator
: Generating MIME documentsemail.policy
: Policy Objectsemail.errors
: Exception and Defect classesemail.headerregistry
: Custom Header Objectsemail.contentmanager
: Managing MIME Contentemail
: Examplesemail.message.Message
: Representing an email message using thecompat32
APIemail.mime
: Creating email and MIME objects from scratchemail.header
: Internationalized headersemail.charset
: Representing character setsemail.encoders
: Encodersemail.utils
: Miscellaneous utilitiesemail.iterators
: Iterators
json
— JSON encoder and decodermailbox
— Manipulate mailboxes in various formatsmimetypes
— Map filenames to MIME typesbase64
— Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodingsbinascii
— Convert between binary and ASCIIquopri
— Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
- Structured Markup Processing Tools
html
— HyperText Markup Language supporthtml.parser
— Simple HTML and XHTML parserhtml.entities
— Definitions of HTML general entities- XML Processing Modules
xml.etree.ElementTree
— The ElementTree XML APIxml.dom
— The Document Object Model APIxml.dom.minidom
— Minimal DOM implementationxml.dom.pulldom
— Support for building partial DOM treesxml.sax
— Support for SAX2 parsersxml.sax.handler
— Base classes for SAX handlersxml.sax.saxutils
— SAX Utilitiesxml.sax.xmlreader
— Interface for XML parsersxml.parsers.expat
— Fast XML parsing using Expat
- Internet Protocols and Support
webbrowser
— Convenient web-browser controllerwsgiref
— WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementationurllib
— URL handling modulesurllib.request
— Extensible library for opening URLsurllib.response
— Response classes used by urlliburllib.parse
— Parse URLs into componentsurllib.error
— Exception classes raised by urllib.requesturllib.robotparser
— Parser for robots.txthttp
— HTTP moduleshttp.client
— HTTP protocol clientftplib
— FTP protocol clientpoplib
— POP3 protocol clientimaplib
— IMAP4 protocol clientsmtplib
— SMTP protocol clientuuid
— UUID objects according to RFC 4122socketserver
— A framework for network servershttp.server
— HTTP servershttp.cookies
— HTTP state managementhttp.cookiejar
— Cookie handling for HTTP clientsxmlrpc
— XMLRPC server and client modulesxmlrpc.client
— XML-RPC client accessxmlrpc.server
— Basic XML-RPC serversipaddress
— IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
- Multimedia Services
- Internationalization
- Program Frameworks
- Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
- Development Tools
typing
— Support for type hintspydoc
— Documentation generator and online help system- Python Development Mode
doctest
— Test interactive Python examplesunittest
— Unit testing frameworkunittest.mock
— mock object libraryunittest.mock
— getting startedtest
— Regression tests package for Pythontest.support
— Utilities for the Python test suitetest.support.socket_helper
— Utilities for socket teststest.support.script_helper
— Utilities for the Python execution teststest.support.bytecode_helper
— Support tools for testing correct bytecode generationtest.support.threading_helper
— Utilities for threading teststest.support.os_helper
— Utilities for os teststest.support.import_helper
— Utilities for import teststest.support.warnings_helper
— Utilities for warnings tests
- Debugging and Profiling
- Software Packaging and Distribution
- Python Runtime Services
sys
— System-specific parameters and functionssys.monitoring
— Execution event monitoringsysconfig
— Provide access to Python’s configuration informationbuiltins
— Built-in objects__main__
— Top-level code environmentwarnings
— Warning controldataclasses
— Data Classescontextlib
— Utilities forwith
-statement contextsabc
— Abstract Base Classesatexit
— Exit handlerstraceback
— Print or retrieve a stack traceback__future__
— Future statement definitionsgc
— Garbage Collector interfaceinspect
— Inspect live objectsannotationlib
— Functionality for introspecting annotationssite
— Site-specific configuration hook
- Custom Python Interpreters
- Importing Modules
zipimport
— Import modules from Zip archivespkgutil
— Package extension utilitymodulefinder
— Find modules used by a scriptrunpy
— Locating and executing Python modulesimportlib
— The implementation ofimport
importlib.resources
– Package resource reading, opening and accessimportlib.resources.abc
– Abstract base classes for resourcesimportlib.metadata
– Accessing package metadata- The initialization of the
sys.path
module search path
- Python Language Services
ast
— Abstract Syntax Treessymtable
— Access to the compiler’s symbol tablestoken
— Constants used with Python parse treeskeyword
— Testing for Python keywordstokenize
— Tokenizer for Python sourcetabnanny
— Detection of ambiguous indentationpyclbr
— Python module browser supportpy_compile
— Compile Python source filescompileall
— Byte-compile Python librariesdis
— Disassembler for Python bytecodepickletools
— Tools for pickle developers
- MS Windows Specific Services
- Unix Specific Services
posix
— The most common POSIX system callspwd
— The password databasegrp
— The group databasetermios
— POSIX style tty controltty
— Terminal control functionspty
— Pseudo-terminal utilitiesfcntl
— Thefcntl
andioctl
system callsresource
— Resource usage informationsyslog
— Unix syslog library routines
- Modules command-line interface (CLI)
- Superseded Modules
- Security Considerations
- Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter
- Python/C API Reference Manual
- Introduction
- C API Stability
- The Very High Level Layer
- Reference Counting
- Exception Handling
- Utilities
- Abstract Objects Layer
- Concrete Objects Layer
- Type Objects
- The
None
Object - Integer Objects
- Boolean Objects
- Floating-Point Objects
- Complex Number Objects
- Bytes Objects
- Byte Array Objects
- Unicode Objects and Codecs
- Tuple Objects
- Struct Sequence Objects
- List Objects
- Dictionary Objects
- Set Objects
- Function Objects
- Instance Method Objects
- Method Objects
- Cell Objects
- Code Objects
- Extra information
- File Objects
- Module Objects
- Iterator Objects
- Descriptor Objects
- Slice Objects
- MemoryView objects
- Weak Reference Objects
- Capsules
- Frame Objects
- Generator Objects
- Coroutine Objects
- Context Variables Objects
- DateTime Objects
- Objects for Type Hinting
- Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
- Python Initialization Configuration
- Memory Management
- Object Implementation Support
- API and ABI Versioning
- Monitoring C API
- Generating Execution Events
- Installing Python Modules
- Python HOWTOs
- Python Frequently Asked Questions
- Deprecations
- Glossary
- About these documents
- Dealing with Bugs
- Copyright
- History and License